One of the fundamental mechanisms for code reuse in OOP, is inheritance. It allows new classes to be derived from an existing class. The new class (a.k.a. subclass, subtype, derived class, child class) can inherit members from the old class (a.k.a. superclass, supertype, base class, parent class). The subclass can add new behavior and properties, and under certain circumstances, modify its inherited behavior.
In Java, implementation inheritance is achieved by extending classes (i.e., adding new fields and methods) and modifying inherited members Inheritance of members is closely tied to their declared accessibility. If a superclass member is accessible by its simple name in the subclass (without the use of any extra syntax like super), then that member is considered inherited. This means that private, overridden, and hidden members of the superclass are not inherite. Inheritance should not be confused with the existence of such members in the state of a subclass object.
Example Extending Classes: Inheritance and Accessibility
class Light { // (1)
// Instance fields
int noOfWatts; // wattage
private boolean indicator; // on or off
protected String location; // placement
// Static fields
private static int counter; // no. of Light objects created
// Constructor
Light() {
noOfWatts = 50;
indicator = true;
location = "X";
counter++;
}
// Instance methods
public void switchOn() { indicator = true; }
public void switchOff() { indicator = false; }
public boolean isOn() { return indicator; }
private void printLocation() {
System.out.println("Location: " + location);
}
// Static methods
public static void writeCount() {
System.out.println("Number of lights: " + counter);
}
//...
}
class TubeLight extends Light { // (2) Subclass uses the extends clause.
// Instance fields
private int tubeLength = 54;
private int colorNo = 10;
// Instance methods
public int getTubeLength() { return tubeLength; }
public void printInfo() {
System.out.println("Tube length: " + getTubeLength());
System.out.println("Color number: " + colorNo);
System.out.println("Wattage: " + noOfWatts); // Inherited.
// System.out.println("Indicator: " + indicator); // Not Inherited.
System.out.println("Indicator: " + isOn()); // Inherited.
System.out.println("Location: " + location); // Inherited.
// printLocation(); // Not Inherited.
// System.out.println("Counter: " + counter); // Not Inherited.
writeCount(); // Inherited.
}
// ...
}
public class Utility { // (3)
public static void main(String[] args) {
new TubeLight().printInfo();
}
}
Output from the program:
Tube length: 54 Color number: 10 Wattage: 50 Indicator: true Location: X Number of lights: 1
The superclass is specified using the extends clause in the header of the subclass declaration. The subclass only specifies the additional new and modified members in its class body. The rest of its declaration is made up of its inherited members. If no extends clause is specified in the header of a class declaration, then the class implicitly inherits from the java.lang.Object class. This implicit inheritance is assumed in the declaration of the Light class at (1). Also , the subclass TubeLight at (2) explicitly uses the extends clause and only specifies additional members to what it already inherits from the superclass Light (which, in turn, inherits from the Object class). Members of the superclass Light that are accessible by their simple names in the subclass TubeLight, are inherited by the subclass.
Private members of the superclass are not inherited by the subclass and can only be indirectly accessed. The private field indicator of the superclass Light is not inherited, but exists in the subclass object and is indirectly accessible.
Using appropriate accessibility modifiers, the superclass can limit which members can be accessed directly and, thereby, inherited by its subclasses. The subclass can use the inherited members as if they were declared in its own class body. This is not the case for members that are declared private in the superclass. Members that have package accessibility in the superclass are also not inherited by subclasses in other packages, as these members are only accessible by their simple names in subclasses within the same package as the superclass.
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